Department of
Library and Information Science
Course:
LIS-553
Applied Classification
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Sr #
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Contents
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Page No.
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1
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Define Classification and
describe its types?
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2
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2
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Briefly introduce
pre-classification system and write down on UDC, LC other them?
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4
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3
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Write Down Demerits of
DDC?
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9
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4
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Write Down Merits of DDC?
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11
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5
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Brief history of DDC.
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16
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6
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Write Short note on the
Following:
·
Melvil Dewey 2. A. C.
Woolner 3. Asa Dan Dickinson
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21
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7
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Describe the detail 23 edition of DDC.
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24
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8
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Define subject heading its importance according to Library.
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27
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9
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References
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30
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Course by:
Sir Sakhawat Ali (M.Phil. Library and Information
Science)
Question
No. 1
Define
Classification and describe its types?
Answer:
Definitions of
classification
Following are the definition of
classification
To arrange the things or ideas
separately or joining them” is called classification.
To arrange the things or ideas in
different groups on the basis of their similarities, qualities and links that further
grouping becomes impossible or unnecessary.
Types of classification
·
Natural
classification
·
Artificial
classification
·
Knowledge
classification
·
Accidental
classification
·
Book
classification
·
General
classification
·
Special
classification
·
Collective
classification
·
Scientific
classification
·
Philosophical
classification
·
Natural
classification:
To
categories the similar or dissimilar things or ideas on the basis of their
similarity or dissimilarity is called natural classification.
According
to author, to categories the books in the logical order, on the basis of
similarity and topics are called natural classification.
·
Artificial
classification:
The
classification which is based on principle of artificial categorization of
things or ideas is called artificial classification. For example categorization
of books on the bases of alphabet order, number, shape, color, size, binding
etc.
·
Knowledge
classification:
The
classification in which knowledge is categories logically, philosophically or
scientifically in the form of subjects or topics is called knowledge
classification.
·
Accidental
classification:
Accidental
classification is the classification in which order of a topic is based time,
period or place.in accidental classification data is arrange on the basis of
geography, area or historical period.
·
Book
classification:
The
classification on the bases of which books are arranged in the shelves is
called Book classification or Bibliographical classification. In books
classification the written ideas are arranged practically by which all types of
books on single topic are collected.
·
General
classification:
The classification which covers all the subjects
all over the world is called general classification. According to Philips, “General
classification is the classification which contains all knowledge of whole
worlds is known as general classification.
·
Special classification:
·
Special classification is
the base of general classification. It is the name of width/broadens of general
classification.
·
Collective
classification:
The
classification which consists of all departments of knowledge and literature,
it is known as collective classification.
·
Scientific
classification:
The
classification which is special and comprehensive and which depends upon
specific properties of things and based on facts
·
Philosophical
classification:
The classification in which for preparing sketch,
philosopher can turn his research into reality.it is called philosophical
classification.
Question
No. 2
Briefly
introduce pre-classification system and write down on UDC, LC other them?
Answer:
ABSTRACT
Malware
has become a major threat in the last years due to the ease of spread through
the Internet. Malware detection has become difficult with the use of
compression, polymorphic methods and techniques to detect and disable security
software. Those and other obfuscation techniques pose a problem for detection
and classification schemes that analyze malware behavior. In this paper we
propose a distributed architecture to improve malware collection using
different honeypot technologies to increase the variety of malware collected.
We also present a daemon tool developed to grab malware distributed through
spam and a pre-classification technique that uses antivirus technology to
separate malware in generic classes.
INTRODUCTION
The
current major threat to information systems security has been the compromise by
malicious software (malware), such as botclients, worms, key loggers, viruses,
Trojans, rootkits and a sort of other evil programs. Malware can exploit and
compromise a system in many ways, either attacking operating systems
vulnerabilities or remote services through Internet or deceiving the user to
execute it by clicking on a fake link or opening an e-mail attachment. There
are some types of malware that even abuse browsers’ capabilities to infect the
user's system, exploiting embedded mobile code, performing cross-site scripting
or cross-site request forgoing, such as JavaScript malware.
Nowadays,
companies are more worried about security, improving research and trying to
discover vulnerabilities early in order to generate quick patches in a periodic
manner to protect their users. Also there has been a significative improvement
in areas like software development in order to prevent users from attacks
aiming design vulnerabilities, with the development and application of
defensive technologies at operating system level to integrate security
solutions and restrict damage.
MALWARE
COLLECTION REVIEW
Malware
comes from different sources – they disseminate over e-mail or general Internet
traffic, trying to exploit vulnerabilities on Web-faced networks and systems or
to compromise a computer by making a user perform a specific action as clicking
on an URL or opening an e-mail attachment. There is also malware that consist
of malicious code in a server to be executed when a user accesses a web site or
loads a frame, for example. Thus, there are several ways to collect malware,
either setting up a vulnerable system to wait for attacks, or crawling web
pages for malicious code stored on servers. In this section some approaches to
collect malware are discussed.
Nepenthes
Nepenthe
is a versatile tool to collect malware. It acts passively by emulating known
vulnerabilities and downloading malware trying to exploit these
vulnerabilities. It allows the quick collection of a variety of samples and
determines certain patterns in known and unknown shell code as it is sent
across the network. In addition, this platform can be used to learn more about
attack patterns. Nepenthes is designed to emulate vulnerabilities that malware
use to spread (mainly worms), and to capture them. Since there are many
possible ways for worms to spread, Nepenthes is designed to be modular. This
platform enables us to efficiently deploy thousands of honeypots in parallel
and collect information about malicious network traffic.
Honey
trap
Honey
trap is a network security tool written to observe attacks against network
services. As a low-interactive honeypot, it collects information regarding
known or unknown network-based attacks and thus can provide early-warning
information. The applied model strictly distinguishes between data capture and
attack analysis. The process of collecting information related to attacks is
completely done within the core system. Further processing like automated
analysis can be done with plugins, which can be loaded dynamically during
runtime. This guarantees expandability without the need of shutting down the
system or recompiling the software.
Honey
bow
Honey
Bow sensor is a malware collection honeypot based on the high interaction
honeypot principle. It is a high interaction malware collection toolkit and can
be integrated with nepenthes to improve collection.
Fetcher
malware collection tool is a program which extracts potential malware from a
ware virtual disk (or physical disk) by comparing the infected file list with
the clean file list. Submitter malware submit tool is a program which submits
potential malware samples collected by Watcher and Fetcher to specific
collection architecture. Fetcher and Submitter currently only run on Linux
operating systems.
ENVIRONMENT
SETUP AND PRE-CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
As
shown in previous section, there are some tools being used to collect malware
from different sources, as web pages, e-mails or Internet traffic. If we
explore the potential of these tools by combining them, it would be possible to
improve the collection process and obtain statistical information about the
process and the quality of samples collected. In this section, we discuss the
system architecture to collect malware from two sources - sent by e-mail and
which are searching specific vulnerabilities and attacking systems over the
Internet - explaining the modules and the tools that compose it. The system
architecture is illustrated in Figure 1. The system is divided into three
subsystems (Distributed collectors, e-mail analyzer, and centralized storage
& pre-classification), which are described in the subsections below.
Storage
& Pre-classification
After
all malware is collected in a Nepenthes collector, it is sent to another
computer to be separated and stored. All malware from Nepenthes is sent to this
subsystem via syncs and analyzed initially with ClamAV solution. ClamAV
identifies it as a malicious code or not and accordingly to these scan results,
malware is copied into a directory containing a label that pre-classifies it.
To accomplish it, a python script was written to parse the output of ClamAV and
identify some predefined classes, such as Bankers, Trojans, Bots, Downloaders,
Worms, Others and Unidentified. Once ClamAV scan is done and the results are
logged, if the file contains a malware within the classes determined by the
script, it is copied to its respective directory, forming a kind of database of
different malware families.
Universal
Decimal Classification (UDC):
What is UDC?
The UDC is the world's foremost
multilingual classification scheme for all fields of knowledge and a
sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool. It is a highly flexible
classification system for all kinds of information in any medium. UDC provides
a systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a
coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked.
Originally based on the Dewey decimal
classification, the UDC was developed as a new analytic-synthetic
classification system with a significantly larger vocabulary and syntax that
enables very detailed content indexing and information retrieval in large
collections.
Who is using UDC?
The scheme is in worldwide use, and
has been published in whole or in part in over 40 different languages (see
bibliography of UDC editions). UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130
countries and in many bibliographical services which require detailed content
indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for
information exchange and is used in all type of libraries: public, school,
academic and special libraries.
Although
originally designed as an indexing and retrieval system, due to its logical
structure and scalability, UDC has become one of the most widely used knowledge
organization systems in libraries, where it is used for shelf arrangement,
content indexing or both. UDC codes can describe any type of document or object
to any desired level of detail. These can include textual documents and other
media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps as well as
regalia such as museum objects.
Library
of Congress Classification Scheme
The Library
of Congress Classification (LCC) is a classification system that was first
developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to organize and
arrange the book collections of the Library of Congress. Over the course of the
twentieth century, the system was adopted for use by other libraries as well,
especially large academic libraries in the United States
The system
divides all knowledge into twenty-one basic classes,
each identified by a single letter of the alphabet. Most of these alphabetical
classes are further divided into more specific subclasses, identified by
two-letter, or occasionally three-letter, combinations. For example, class
N, Art, has subclasses NA, Architecture; NB, Sculpture,
ND, Painting; as well as several other subclasses. Each subclass includes
a loosely hierarchical arrangement of the topics pertinent to the subclass,
going from the general to the more specific.
Individual
topics are often broken down by specific places, time periods, or bibliographic
forms (such as periodicals, biographies, etc.). Each topic (often referred to
as a caption) is assigned a single number or a span of numbers. Whole
numbers used in LCC may range from one to four digits in length, and may be
further extended by the use of decimal numbers. Some subtopics appear in
alphabetical, rather than hierarchical, lists and are represented by decimal
numbers that combine a letter of the alphabet with a numeral, e.g. .B72 or
.K535. Relationships among topics in LCC are shown not by the numbers that are
assigned to them, but by indenting subtopics under the larger topics that they
are a part of, much like an outline. In this respect, it is different from more
strictly hierarchical classification systems, such as the Dewey decimal
classification, where hierarchical relationships among topics
are shown by numbers that can be continuously subdivided.
Cutter Classification
The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a
library classification system devised by Charles
Ammi Cutter, who was Librarian at the Forbes Library
from 1894-1903. Like other classification systems it assigns a number to
subject areas so that when books are numbered according to subject and then
arranged by those numbers, books on similar topics are shelved
together. It lost popularity gradually to the Dewey Decimal system in public
libraries; in academic libraries it has been replaced by the Library of
Congress system, which was developed partly from Mr. Cutter’s ideas.
The Cutter
Expansive Classification system exists as a series of increasingly subdivided
versions. The first is very simple and is intended for use at the smallest
libraries. The seventh is the most complex and is intended for the largest
libraries. Forbes Library uses Cutter’s Seventh Classification. In the
Children’s Department, the Sixth Classification is used, except for History
which follows the Seventh. For examples of how these classifications are used
in the existing collection, you can look up any subject in the library’s online
catalog.
Although Mr. Cutter proposed several
different methods of ordering Expansive Classification numbers, most of these
were in response to complaints that the system was too complicated; there is
really only one way of ordering the numbers that makes sense, so that similar
subjects appear together. This is the order Cutter used in his own tables.
The numbers are compared one
character at a time, from left to right, just as you would order titles
alphabetically. This is simple so long as one is comparing digits to digits or
letters to letters, but more involved when digits, letters, or punctuation
marks must be compared to each other.
Charles Ammi
Cutter devised an “Alfabetic Order Table” to help catalogers map potentially
long words and phrases to short alphanumeric strings so that sorting by the
strings also correctly sorts the original words. These strings are now known as
Cutter Numbers and the process is known as cuttering. The Cutter Numbers used
at Forbes Library consist between one and three of the initial letters of the
word or phrase followed by two
or more digits. For example Schubert, Franz might be mapped to Sch78 and Lincoln, Abraham might be mapped to L638. Cutter Numbers frequently appear in the book mark but may be part of a class mark as well.
or more digits. For example Schubert, Franz might be mapped to Sch78 and Lincoln, Abraham might be mapped to L638. Cutter Numbers frequently appear in the book mark but may be part of a class mark as well.
Question
No. 3
Write
Down Demerits of DDC?
Answer:
DEMERITS
OF DWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION:
Melville
Dewey (1885-1931) invented the Dewey decimal classification (DDC) while he was
working as a student -assistant in the library of Amherst College
The
Dewey decimal classification (DDC) system is a general knowledge organization
tool that is continuously revised to keep pace with knowledge.
The
DDC is the most widely used classification system in the world. Libraries in
more than 135 countries use the DDC to organize and provide access to their
collections, and DDC numbers are featured in the national bibliographies of
more than 60 countries. Libraries of
every type apply Dewey numbers on a daily basis and share these numbers through
a variety of means (including WorldCat, the OCLC Online Union Catalog). Dewey
is also used for other purposes, e.g., as a browsing mechanism for resources on
the web. The DDC has been translated into over thirty languages.
However
there are certain demerits of DDC.
.Categories
is now overlapping or has shifted
·
Psychology vs. Philosophy
·
Architecture & Buildings
.Focuses on Western thoughts
·
Hierarchical Format
·
Other languages &
cultures are provided minimal space or are thrown together under one category
·
Other cultures/patrons feel
“conquered”
.
Call numbers can get lengthy
.
Fiction is usually shelved separately from Dewey
·
Cutting off access for males
especially
·
Anthologies are set apart
from single works by authors
·
Explaining non-fiction &
Dewey in relation to fairy tales, and such
.A Book Have More Than One Category: A disadvantage of the Dewey
Decimal System is that a book can have more than one category and doesn’t have
a spot for it. Another disadvantage is that the system isn’t familiar to other
people so it might be hard for people to use.
.A
Book in Different Subject Areas: What happens when
you are searching for a book that may land itself within different subject
areas? For example: A book on Sports Medicine may find itself in the 700's as
well as the 600's. Although this is not an unfixable problem, it
still complicates things and is certainly a disadvantage of the system
.Scary
Number: It is noted that people have fear of complexity of DDC number system
The numbers do not have a direct correlation with the subject they represent,
therefore if one is not familiar with the system ,it may be difficult to use.
.
Limited Scope for Building Numbers: One of the
disadvantages of DDC noticed was the limited scope for scheme adjustment and
the complex set of instructions for building numbers for each class that are
not applicable to the whole system. This aspect, together with the lack of
logic in the scheme structure, may create obvious difficulties to staff
training and scheme application
.Combined
Numbers Cannot Split Easily: A further disadvantage in
using DDC is that pre-combined numbers cannot be easily split and searched for.
.Change In Number (Pakistan ): DDC system has a little consistency, in earlier Pakistan
.High
cost of DDC set: It is a costly system; the cost of a set of DDC
is 30-40 thousands. so high price is also not affordable for a patron.
.Classification
Of Pakistani Language: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto
etc. are many mother tongs in Pakistan Pakistan
.Priority
Of Christianity on Other Religions: Maximum numbers were
allotted to Christianity, some religions were neglected attentively. It shows
DEWEY had western thoughts.
.Language &Literature Should Be Closure:
It is given 400 to Language and 800 to Literature, The both number should be
closure to each other.
.Social
Science &History: These should be closure to
each other but these are set apart from each other.
.Computer
Science and Electronics: These are interrelating
and overlapping. It should also be related.
.Biased
To Computer Science: It is a extremely vast
subject and growing fastly day to day but only 3 numbers were given to
it.i.e.004,005,006.Rather than it should be give much more.
.Biased
To Islam: It is biased except Christianity ddc committee;
therefore he had totally neglected Islam religion in ddc library scenario.
.Lengthy
Numbers of DDC: Six numbers are basic numbers for Urdu. Therefore
someone said “Has Dewey died?”
.DDC
Not Good for All kind Libraries: DDC is better for
general libraries and not good for special libraries. Agha khan library,
agriculture library, library of Islamic studies. It is difficult to allot
numbers so lengthy
.Classification by subject and not by topic
For example,
the topic of drug use is discussed in psychology (157), sociology (363.45) and
medical (616.863) books. Three disciplines deal with the topic in their own
way. Books on drug use can therefore have different call numbers under the
Dewey system.
Nonetheless, an alphabetic catalogue of topics (used in both computerized and non-computerized libraries) makes it possible to locate these books.
Nonetheless, an alphabetic catalogue of topics (used in both computerized and non-computerized libraries) makes it possible to locate these books.
.The same topic can be studied within two different disciplines
Let’s go
back to the example of books on drug use. If a group of authors publishes a
book on all the aspects of drug use, this book cannot be stored in three
different places. In this case, the librarian assigning the call number will
determine under which subject the book will be classified.
Again, if the reader consults the subject catalogue or the subject heading in a library management program, he or she will obtain a list of all the books that deal with drug use, regardless of the disciplinary angle from which it is studied.
Again, if the reader consults the subject catalogue or the subject heading in a library management program, he or she will obtain a list of all the books that deal with drug use, regardless of the disciplinary angle from which it is studied.
.The length and complexity of call numbers discourages some users
The Dewey
call number can be regarded as an address. If I have to meet Mr. X and I know
that he lives at 641 Elm Street
With regard
to the length of the call numbers, remember that elementary and even secondary
school libraries use the abridged Dewey Decimal Classification system (no more
than 3 digits after the decimal point) to simplify the classification.
Question:
4
Write
down merits of DDC?
Answer:
Dewey
decimal classification (DDC) Merits
Following are the merits of DDC:-
·
Practical System:
The Dewey
decimal classification scheme (DDC) is the mostly used classification system in
the world. The Dewey decimal classification scheme (DDC) is a practical system
it has been used for 137 years.
·
Knowledge Classification System:
The Dewey
decimal classification scheme has been divided the knowledge in all fields of
life. It is the 2nd name of national classification system.
It pure shape of national classification and books are classified in according
to their subject.
e.g. you have
many books in your session in M. A. this system spent the books subject from
the subject M.A. Urdu, M.A. I.S, M.A. English etc.
·
Book Classification System:
This is pure system used in library. This is
based on knowledge classification. Separate classify these subject more in to
subjects or sub-subjects. In this process the natural & artificial
qualities of the book have also been taken in mind. This is not classify the
subjects but also related the subjects too interconnect with other subjects.
e.g. if main subject Chemistry book then classify it:
Chemistry
·
Physical Chemistry
·
Inorganic Chemistry
·
Industrial Chemistry
e.g.
- Islam & other Sciences
- Islam & other religion
·
Relative Location:
The Decimal Classification which introduced the concepts
of relative location and relative index which allow new
books to be added to a library in their proper location based on subject.
Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were
related to the order of acquisition rather than topic.
·
Relative Index:
The relative
index brings together different aspects of the same subject spread in different
disciplines. The "Relative Index" is an alphabetical index to the
classification, for use both by classifiers but also by library users when
seeking books by topic. The index was "relative" because the index
entries pointed to the class numbers, not to the page numbers of the printed
classification schedule. In this way, the Dewey Decimal Classification itself
had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either
as an entry point to the classification, by catalogers, or as an index to the
Dewey-classed library itself.
·
Notation:
The Dewey
decimal classification scheme used signs and symbols for any phrase Work.
There are
three types of notation in Dewey decimal classification scheme:-
·
Pure Notation
·
Flexibility
·
Hierarchy
·
Pure Notation:
The pure
notation of Arabic numbers is generally recognizable. People from many cultures and languages can
adapt to the system easily. The classification's notation makes use of
three-digit Arabic numerals for
main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. A
library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular
volume in a position relative to other books in the library based on its
subject matter. This makes it possible to find any particular book using the
number, and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves. The
classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.
·
Flexibility:
It is very
flexible due to Dewey decimal classification scheme (DDC). You can make a
number even specific. DDC is a highly flexible and effective system for
organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of information in any medium.
DDC is highly flexible to allow for constant revision in order to keep pace
with development of knowledge. Flexibility of DDC for responding to complex
interrelationship among subjects is more than UDC and LC.
·
Hierarchy:
The
hierarchical nature of the notation expresses the relationship between and
among the class numbers. This feature
mostly helps online searching. The
searcher can broaden or narrow a search by reducing or adding a digit to the
class number. For example A to Z sort out the list or from general to
specific and from specific to general.
·
Self-evident:
The self-evident numerical series
make easy filing and shelving. Library uses the Dewey decimal classification
scheme (DDC) to arrange books and other library materials on the shelves so
they may be easily retrieved. It is used in many libraries and allows items
about the same subject to be shelved together.
·
Use Decimal System:
The Dewey
decimal classification scheme (DDC) Use the decimal system enables infinite
expansion and subdivision.
·
Mnemonic Nature:
The mnemonic
nature of the notation helps library users to navigate within the system.
·
Revision and Publication:
The
continuous revision and publication of the schedules at regular intervals
ensure the currency of the scheme.
·
General Class:
General
Class is known as 000 in Dewey decimal classification scheme (DDC). Library
Science is one of those subjects.
·
Stand red Sub-Division:
The following notation is never used alone, but
may be used as required with any regular schedule number, e.g., workbooks. When
adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between
the third and fourth digits of the complete number. Standard subdivisions
should be added only when the work in hand covers the whole, or approximately
the whole, subject of the number in the schedules When standard subdivision
notation from Table 1 is listed in Tables 2 through 4 and in the schedules, all
of the notation’s notes and subdivisions as given in this table are applicable
unless other instructions are given. Other Table 1 notation that is not listed
in the schedules may also be used. For example, the fact that 610.7 is listed,
but not 610.8 or the subdivisions of 610.7, does not exclude the use of 610.8
or 610.71
SUMMARY STAND RED SUB-DIVISION:
—01 Philosophy and theory
—02 Miscellany
—03 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
—04 Special topics
—05 Serial publications
—06 Organizations and management
—07 Education, research, related topics
—08 Groups of people
—09 History, geographic treatment, biography
·
Precision:
Precision is one of the most important merits of
use of DDC on Internet. When any searcher retrieves the information through the
classified websites from WWW then the precision will be high. Classified
websites has better precision than search engines such as Google, Yahoo and
Info seek, etc.
·
Synthetic Principle:
The synthetic principle is one of the main
reasons for the widespread use of UDC in preference to other systems. It
extended the use of common tables, geographical subdivisions and viewpoints,
all of which were established to different degrees in previous classifications,
and added the ‘colon principle’ whereby every part of the classification became
divisible by every other part. This, with the growing complexity of knowledge,
was an invaluable invention.
·
Revision and maintenance:
It is one of the greatest merits towards
the use of DDC on Internet. The development and maintenance of DDC was achieved
by International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) since its
origin around 1900. But during the 1980s, it became clear that a more broadly
based, and financially autonomous, organization was needed to administer and
exploit DDC, and FID together with the publishers of the Dutch, English,
French, Japanese and Spanish editions became founder members of a new body, the
DDC Consortium (UDCC). The Consortium assumed ownership of DDC on 1 January
1992. One of its first actions was to create an international database, which
could be the source of many kinds of DDC edition. It is called the Master
Reference File (MRF), and is held at the Royal Library in The Hague
Some other merits of DDC are as follows:-
·
Continuously Updating:
·
DDC electronic Edition:
·
International Co-Operation:
·
Translation in other languages:
·
Use of DDC in Bililogaraphic control
·
Saars list used subject heading
·
Useful for small and big libraries:
·
Adjustment according to new trends
·
Ambridged Edition
Question
No. 5
Brief
history of DDC.
Answer:
History and Current Use
The Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) system is a general knowledge organization tool that is
continuously revised to keep pace with knowledge. The system was conceived by
Melvil Dewey in 1873 and first published in 1876. The DDC is published by
Forest Press, a division of OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. OCLC owns
all copyright rights in the Dewey Decimal Classification.
The Dewey decimal classification is the most
widely used classification system in the world. Libraries in more than 135
countries use the DDC to organize and provide access to their collections, and
DDC numbers are featured in the national bibliographies of sixty countries.
Libraries of every type apply Dewey numbers on a daily basis and share these
numbers through a variety of means (including WorldCat, the OCLC Online Union
Catalog). Dewey is also used for other purposes, e.g., as a browsing mechanism
for resources on the Web.
The DDC has been translated into over thirty
languages. Translations of the latest full and abridged editions of the DDC are
completed or underway in Arabic, Chinese, French, Greek, Hebrew, Icelandic,
Italian, Korean, Norwegian, Russian, and Spanish.
Development
One of Dewey's great strengths is that the system
is developed and maintained in a national bibliographic agency, the Library of
Congress. The Dewey editorial office is located in the Decimal Classification
Division of the Library of Congress, where annually the classification
specialists assign over 110,000 DDC numbers to records for works cataloged by
the Library. Having the editorial office within the Decimal Classification
Division enables the editors to detect trends in the literature that must be
incorporated into the Classification.
EPC is a ten-member international board whose
main function is to advise the editors and OCLC Forest Press on matters
relating to changes, innovations, and the general development of the
Classification. EPC represents the interests of DDC users; its members come
from public, special, and academic libraries, and from library schools.
Editions
The Dewey decimal classification is published in
two editions, full and abridged. The Classification is kept up-to-date
electronically through electronic versions: Dewey for Windows, a CD-ROM product
that is updated annually and released in January; and WebDewey
in CORC, a Web-based product that is updated quarterly. We also
post selected updates to the Classification on the OCLC Forest Press Web site
<http://www.oclc.org/fp>: new
and changed entries on the first day of each month,
and LC
subject headings--selected from recent LC Subject Headings
Weekly Lists and accompanied by candidate DDC numbers from Edition 21--every
two weeks. These updates are incorporated into Dewey for Windows and Web Dewey
each time those products are released.
Structure and Notation
The DDC is built on sound principles that make it
ideal as a general knowledge organization tool: meaningful notation in
universally recognized Arabic numerals, well-defined categories, well-developed
hierarchies, and a rich network of relationships among topics. In the DDC,
basic classes are organized by disciplines or fields of study. At the broadest
level, the DDC is divided into ten main classes, which together cover the
entire world of knowledge. Each main class is further divided into ten divisions,
and each division into ten sections (not all the numbers for the divisions and
sections have been used). The three summaries of the DDC follow this
introduction.
The first summary contains the ten main classes.
The first digit in each three-digit number represents the main class. For
example, 500 represent natural sciences and mathematics.
The second summary contains the hundred
divisions. The second digit in each three-digit number indicates the division.
For example, 500 is used for general works on the sciences, 510 for
mathematics, 520 for astronomy, 530 for physics.
The third summary contains the thousand sections.
The third digit in each three-digit number indicates the section. Thus,
530 is used for general works on physics, 531 for classical mechanics,
532 for fluid mechanics, 533 for gas mechanics.
Arabic numerals are used to represent each class
in the DDC. A decimal point follows the third digit in a class number, after
which division by ten continues to the specific degree of classification needed.
A subject may appear in more than one discipline.
For example, "clothing" has aspects that fall under several
disciplines. The psychological influence of clothing belongs in 155.95 as part
of the discipline of psychology; customs associated with clothing belong in 391
as part of the discipline of customs; and clothing in the sense of fashion
design belongs in 746.92 as part of the discipline of the arts.
Hierarchy
Hierarchy in the DDC is expressed through
structure and notation. Structural hierarchy means that all topics
(aside from the ten main classes) are part of all the broader topics above
them. Any note regarding the nature of a class holds true for all the
subordinate classes, including logically subordinate topics classed at
coordinate numbers.
Notational hierarchy is expressed by length
of notation. Numbers at any given level are usually subordinate to a
class whose notation is one digit shorter; coordinate with a class whose
notation has the same number of significant digits; and superordinate to a
class with numbers one or more digits longer. The underlined digits in the
following example demonstrate this notational hierarchy:
|
600
|
Technology (Applied
sciences)
|
|||
|
|
630
|
Agriculture and related
technologies
|
||
|
|
|
636
|
Animal husbandry
|
|
|
|
|
|
636.7
|
Dogs
|
|
|
|
|
636.8
|
Cats
|
"Dogs" and "Cats" are more
specific than (i.e., are subordinate to) "Animal husbandry"; they are
equally specific as (i.e., are coordinate with) each other; and "Animal
husbandry" is less specific than (i.e., is superordinate to) "Dogs"
and "Cats."
Sometimes, other devices must be used to express
the hierarchy when it is not possible or desirable to do so through the
notation. Relationships among topics that violate notational hierarchy are
indicated by special types of headings, notes, and entries.
Arrangement of the DDC
The print version of Edition 21 is composed of
nine major parts in four volumes as follows:
|
Volume 1:
|
|||||||
|
(A)
|
New Features: A brief explanation of the special features and changes in
Edition 21
|
||||||
|
(B)
|
Introduction: A description
of the DDC and how to use it
|
||||||
|
(C)
|
Glossary: Short
definitions of terms used in the DDC
|
||||||
|
(D)
|
Index to the Introduction
and Glossary
|
||||||
|
(E)
|
Tables: Seven numbered
tables of notation that can be added to class numbers to provide greater
specificity:
|
||||||
|
|
T1
|
Standard Subdivisions
|
|||||
|
|
T2
|
Geographic Areas,
Historical Periods, Persons
|
|||||
|
|
T3
|
Subdivisions for the Arts,
for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms
|
|||||
|
T3-A
|
Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors
|
||||||
|
T3-B
|
Subdivisions for Works by or
about More than One Author
|
||||||
|
T3-C
|
Notation to Be Added Where
Instructed in Table 3-B, 700.4, 791.4, 808–809
|
||||||
|
T4
|
Subdivisions of Individual
Languages and Language Families
|
||||||
|
T5
|
Racial, Ethnic, National
Groups
|
||||||
|
T6
|
Languages
|
||||||
|
T7
|
Groups of Persons
|
||||||
|
Except for notation from Table 1 (which may be added to any number unless
there is an instruction in the schedules or tables to the contrary), table
notation may be added only as instructed in the schedules and tables
|
|||||||
|
Lists that compare the
previous edition with the new edition: Relocations and Reductions;
Comparative and Equivalence Tables; Reused Numbers
|
|||||||
|
Volumes 2 and 3:
|
|||||||
|
(G)
|
Schedules: The
organization of knowledge from 000–999
|
||||||
|
Volume 4:
|
|||||||
|
(H)
|
Relative Index: An
alphabetical list of subjects with the disciplines in which they are treated
sub-arranged alphabetically under each entry
|
||||||
|
(I)
|
Manual: A guide to
classifying in difficult areas, information on new schedules, and an
explanation of the policies and practices of the Decimal Classification
Division at the Library of Congress. Information in the Manual is arranged by
the numbers in the tables and schedules
|
||||||
Entries
Entries in the schedules and tables are composed
of a DDC number in the number column (the column at the left margin), a heading
describing the class that the number represents, and often one or more notes.
All entries (numbers, headings, and notes) should be read in the context of the
hierarchy.
The first three digits of schedule numbers (main
classes, divisions, sections) appear only once in the number column, when first
used. They are repeated at the top of each page where their subdivisions
continue. Subordinate numbers appear in the number column, beginning with a
decimal point, with the initial three digits understood.
Options
Numbers and notes in parentheses provide options
to standard practice. These options enable the Classification to serve needs
beyond those represented in the standard English-language edition.
Unused Numbers
Numbers in square brackets represent topics that
have been relocated or discontinued, or are unassigned. Square brackets are
also used for standard subdivision concepts that are represented in another
location. Numbers in square brackets are not used.
Only a fraction of potential DDC numbers is
included in the schedules. The classifier will often find that to arrive at a
precise number for a work it is necessary to build (synthesize) a number that
is not specifically printed in the schedules. There are four sources of
notation from which to build numbers: (A) Table 1 Standard Subdivisions; (B)
Tables 2 - 7; (C) other parts of the schedules; and (D) add tables in the
schedules. Number building is initiated only upon instructions in the schedules
(except for the addition of standard subdivisions, which may be added anywhere
unless there is an instruction to the contrary). Number building begins with a
base number (always stated in the instruction note) to which another number is
added.
More Information
For
more information about the Dewey Decimal Classification, consult the
introduction in volume 1 of Edition 21 (or the DDC Introduction in the online
versions). A more in-depth discussion of the DDC may be found in Dewey
Decimal Classification: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed., by Lois Mai Chan, John P.
Comaromi, Joan S. Mitchell, and Mohinder Satija (Albany, N.Y.: OCLC Forest
Press, 1996). The OCLC Forest
Press Web site contains up-to-date information about the
DDC, licensing opportunities, and OCLC Forest Press publications.
Question
No. 6
Write
Short note on the Following:
·
Melvil Dewey
·
A. C. Woolner
·
Asa Dan Dickinson
Answer:
·
Melvil Dewey
Dewey, Melvil, 1851–1931, American
library pioneer, originator of the Dewey decimal system, b. Adams Center , N.Y. United States
Synopsis
Melville
Louis Kossuth Dewey was born in Adams
Center , New York Lake
Placid , Florida
Early Life
Melville
Louis Kossuth Dewey was born in Adams
Center , New York Alfred
University and Amherst College
Contributions to Librarianship
Immediately
after receiving his undergraduate degree, Dewey was hired to manage Amherst
Dewey
copyrighted the system in 1876. This system has proved to be enormously
influential and remains in widespread use.
In
1877, Dewey moved to Boston America
Dewey
became librarian of Columbia
College School
of Library Economy Albany Columbia
Dewey
founded the Lake Placid Club with his wife, Annie, in 1895, and helped to
organize the Olympic Games there. The Lake Placid Club was a private
institution with a policy of excluding Jews and other minorities. Close to 10
years later, the New York State Board of Regents received a petition demanding
that Dewey be removed as State Librarian because of his ties to the Lake Placid
Club. The Regents issued a formal rebuke, leading Dewey to resign his position
in 1905.
In
1926, Melvil Dewey traveled to Florida Lake Placid , Florida
·
A C Woolner
Alfred
Cooper Woolner (May
1878 - 7 January 1936) was a noted Sanskrit scholar
and professor as well as the Vice Chancellor of the University of the
Punjab in Lahore.
Woolner
served as honorary librarian of
the University from 1902 to 1928. He was made principal and registrar in
1903. From 1928 till 1936 he served as Vice
Chancellor.
Punjab University
Library's
collection of over 8,500 Ancient Sanskrit and Hindi manuscripts is named in his
honor. Also the only
remaining intact statute (from the British Raj colonial
era) in Lahore is that of Dr. Woolner which
stands in front of the Pharmacy Department
of Punjab University Lahore Jail Road
·
Asa Dan Dickinson
ASA DON DICKINSON, (1876-1960), Brooklyn College’s first Chief Librarian, was born in
Detroit, Michigan, and educated at the Brooklyn Latin School. In 1894, he
became a student at Columbia
Law School New York City New York State Library
School in Albany
Mr. Dickinson held many different positions at public libraries and in academic
universities. He worked at the Brooklyn Public Library, in Brooklyn, New York;
at the Union College Library in Schenectady, New York; Leavenworth (Kansas)
Free Public Library; Washington State College Library, in Pullman, Washington;
at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; at the Brooklyn College
Library in Brooklyn, New York; and at the University of Punjab in Lahore,
India.
In 1912, a friend, Russell Doubleday, asked Dickinson Dickinson
In 1915, Asa Don Dickinson took a year off and traveled to India to teach at the University of the Punjab
in Lahore
From 1931-1944, Asa Don Dickinson was Brooklyn College
Question
No. 7
Describe
the detail 23 edition of DDC.
Answer:
DDC-23 (2011)
The 23rd edition of DDC, earlier scheduled to be
published in 2010, was delayed about a year to be released in May 2011 in the
135th year of its first publication in 1876. That small pamphlet published
anonymously very soon puck like girdled the world, as if it was being awaited.
Since then, save a brief period of 1950s, it has been on an ascending path of
progress scaling new heights and covering new territories at home and abroad.
Though counted among the big three library classification system (the other two
being the UDC and the LCC; it has surpassed them in its popularity, simplicity
and use. Now it is well entrenched in Europe
too where since 2007 “European DDC User Group” (EDUG) has been officially
established. Used in about two lac libraries in 130 countries in six
continents, and in 60 national and trade bibliographies, its official
translations exist or are under way in more than thirty major languages of the
world.
1 Change
The 23rd edition, of all its half a dozen recent
editions, has come with minimum changes, i.e., updating of schedules here and
there. The entire gamut of changes (as listed on pages xxv-xlii, Vol.1) fills
only 18 pages. “…. expansion and revision have been preferred to relocation”
states the chairperson of the DCEPC Ms. Caroline Kent (Vol. 1, p. xi.). This
time its thrust seems on marketing by associating experts and users from
different libraries and countries. The present Chair of the DDC Editorial
Policy Committee (DCEPC) Caroline Kent is from the British Library. It is for
the first time that a non-American is occupying this influential chair. And it
is for the first time that a member (Welna van Eden) has been taken from South Africa
EDUG has been established to promote the use of DDC
in Europe , initiate translations in European
languages and the need for research in their interoperability and discuss
problems of translation and practical use in those countries. International
Dewey Users Meeting is a group of translators, which helps to improve its
international usage.
A long list of institutions, individuals and
groups who offered advice on updates has been given in acknowledgement. Thirty
four individuals have been acknowledged for their advice only on updating 741.5
Comic books, graphic novels, cartoons, caricatures, and comic strips. Apart
from additions the new edition updates terminology “to improve currency and
accessibilities for classifier”.
It is asserted that the changes have been
motivated by classifiers efficiency and emerging requirements in machine
representation and application (New features, p. xxi, vol1). There are major
updates in Computer Science and Medicine, continued changes in Religion and
other updates as needed. There is a bit of simplifying number building in
Literature, an area in which classifiers are often daunted by the complexity of
the instructions. Some of the
Proclaimed changes are:
·
004-006 Computer sciences,
and parallel provisions in 621.39 Computer engineering, and 025.04 Information
storage and retrieval.
·
155 differential and
development psychology.
·
160 & 513 Logic and
Symbolic logic.
In
200 Religion updates have been initiated for 281.9.Orthodox church and 297
Islam which will also be continued in 24th edition. There are minor changes,
addition and terminological updating in 300-390 Social sciences, and a few more
languages have been added in Table 6, and corresponding additions in 400 and
800
Schedules have been
incorporated. Of interest to Indians may be the following numbers:
·
491.489 Divehi (Maldivian
language)
·
491.492 Eastern Hindi
languages
·
491.496 Pahari languages
Number for dialects (geographic variations) of many languages such as Swedish,
Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (may be under
the influence of EDUG) and Chinese language have been provided. New forms of
art, graphic arts, graphic novels, comic books, etc., have been relocated from
760 to 740. Obviously, history dates and areas in schedules and tables have
been updated.
2 Structural Changes
There are some structural and terminological
changes of no consequence to the end-user, through claimed to increase the
efficiency of classifiers and to facilitate machine display and retrieval. The
present edition is now a byproduct of the online web Dewey 2.0 released year.
WebDewey 2.0 has been prepared using 4th generation of ESS (ESS 4.0, 2010). New
data format is now based on open source MARC21, and formats for Classification
and Authority Data. WebDewey is now the chief vehicle for delivering monthly
updates. Unwieldy headings for the three main summaries have been edited to
make them handy. For example 500 Natural Sciences and Mathematics appear simply
as Science.
600 Technology (Applied Science) appears as only
Technology in the first Summary. Then in the Table 1-08 kinds of person has
been renamed as Groups of People with corresponding changes in the schedules of
155 Differential psychology, 305-306 Psychology of Social Groups, 331 Labour
Economics, and of course in T1-092 Biography. Then wherever any subdivision in
Table 1 is used differently in the schedules, it is indicated so now, otherwise
it was quite obvious. For example:
·
331.01 Philosophy and theory
(of Labour economic)
·
Motivation 01 from table as
modified below
·
331.01 Rights and position
of labour
·
331.0112 Industrial
democracy.
Also there is elimination of dual headings. For
example, in the previous edition some three-digit number had dual headings;
both the headings separated by four spaces in the scheduled were given as:
·
532 Fluid Mechanics Liquid
Mechanics
·
570 Life Sciences Biology
·
954 South Asia India
All such provision is replaced by a single
heading, with the other included as the class here note. Similarly, 954 is
given the heading “[History of] India
3. Future Trends
The next edition, i.e., DDC-24 is likely to be
published in 2018 to continue the changes hinted in DDC-23. As evinced by the
two previous editions the DDC is moving towards international is by gradually
removing White, Anglo-Saxon and Protestant (WASP) bias. Though able to classify
in complex situation, it is getting simple to operate. Facet structure is
becoming transparent with a capability to hold together many facets in a single
class number.
Since the acquisition of the Forest Press by the
OCLC-Online Computer Library Center, Dublin, Ohio, many innovative efforts have
been made to design and market many Dewey products, such as bookmarks, Dewey
rap music, AV teaching kit, Guides to the full,
DDC are already being used to organize
information on the internet. For example, a browser based on the DDC has been
developed for Net First, an OCLC database of source accessible on the internet.
Some of the question currently addressed to the DDC is:
• How can the classification be made more
effective for classifiers?
• How a Standard English language classification
is built that also meets the needs of international users?
• How to make DDC more effective in OPACs?
• How can the classification be made more useful
for the end-users?
• What can be done to make the DDC constantly
relevant in the future?
The DDC is geared to become a powerful and
reliable subject access system of the 21st century digital environment.
Question:
8
Define
subject heading its importance according to Library.
Answer:
Definition
of Subject Heading:
A Subject Heading search must
use terms as they are found in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
list or the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings
(MESH). Subject Searches use "left-hand" truncation, so you
only need to enter the beginning of a subject heading to browse a list of
headings beginning with that term.
Definition
the Sears List of Subject Headings:
The
Sears List of Subject Headings is a thesaurus-like database delivering a core
list of Sheadings, together with patterns and examples to guide the cataloger
in creating further headings as needed.
Introduction:
Vocabulary control is important for
providing subject access to information in libraries and databases. Names of
subjects called, subject descriptors, must be standardized for use in subject
catalogues, otherwise our information retrieval system will be chaotic and
inefficient.
The Sears List of Subject Headings (popularly called the Sears List) is a
known tool for assigning standardized subject headings to all types of
documents in general small libraries having up to 20,000 titles in all
subjects. In Pakistani and Indian conditions it is suitable for public, college
and small university libraries.
History:
A standard and popular subject cataloguing tool for more than eight
decades, the Sears List of Subject Headings was first designed in 1923 by
Minnie Earl Sears (1873-1933) in deference to demands of small libraries for
simpler and broader subject headings for use in their dictionary catalogues.
Such libraries were finding L C subject headings list too detailed, complicated
and also costly.
The list become popular for
dictionary catalogues of medium and small size libraries. The 2nd (1926) and
3rd (1933) editions were again edited by her. From fourth to fourteenth
(1939/1991) editions, it was regularly updated to include new subject headings
and modernize the terminology of old ones, if needed. But the format continued
the same with some new features such as the addition of Abridged DDC numbers.
The latest knowledge from information
sciences and information seeking behavior has been deployed to modernize the
internal structure and grammar of the Sears List.
Changes in and a Brief
Review of the 19th edition (2007):
Sears’ philosophy is to accommodate
change while maintaining sound continuity. There are about 440 new SHs in the
new edition, though seminal changes are none. New headings are in the areas of
computers, IT, politics, popular culture and psychology. Total number of
preferred headings is likely to the tune of 8000, yet the number of headings
that can be coined or subdivided is, as usual, much larger.
Two major areas of new additions are
Islam (very obvious) and graphic novel—latter has thirty headings perhaps
formulated from the Wilson Web Database on Graphic Novels Core Collection.
Principles of the Sears List
From the very beginning as a matter of policy, the Sears List has always
been based on the principles of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
with certain modifications needed for simplification. The principles of the
Sears List are:
·
Direct and
specific entry
·
Common usage
·
Uniformity and
consistency
It may be noted these are the same principles which C.A. Cutter (1837-1903)
gave in his famous Rules for a Dictionary Catalog (1873). These principles have
been explained in Sears 19 (2007).
Specific entry:
It means a subject should be entered under its most specific heading, not
under the class to which it belongs.
Direct entry:
It means that the specific heading chosen should be entered directly as the
lead point, instead of a subdivision.
Common usage:
The terms chosen as preferred headings are from common usage. If a word has
more than one spelling, then the most popular one is chosen for this purpose.
It uses common and popular terms instead of scientific or technical terms or
jargon. That is the Sears uses terms current among lay users.
Uniformity:
This is the very reason for compiling such tools. It means that a heading
once chosen should be consistently and uniformly applied in its scope, meaning
and spellings until a
Decision is taken to the contrary. It, however, does not mean that old
terms cannot be changed or deleted, or new terms cannot be added. The Sears
continuously does it.
List of SHs
Core of the system is the word by word alphabetical list of SHs. All the
headings are of two types:
·
Non-preferred
headings
·
Preferred
headings
·
Subdivisions
used to subdivide a preferred heading
Non-preferred headings:
These headings are those which are
not to be used. Such headings are given in light type face print. Each such
non-preferred heading is invariably preceded by given the a lead “USE”,
directing us to the preferred heading.
Obviously the SH following the word
USE is always printed in bold face; and a full entry exists for all such
headings at proper alphabetical place in the List.
Preferred headings:
Printed in bold type these are the
headings which can be assigned to a document. These headings broadly
categorized are: Ideas, Objects, Places, Processes and Relationships. Under
with preferred heading is given the full entry with its DDC class number(s)
scope or definitional note if any, instruction for its further subdivision, and
all the Narrower (NT), Broader (BT), Related (RT) terms and also to other
headings “to be [Coined and] added as needed.
Subdivisions:
Strictly speaking preferred headings
are of two types. About 500 preferred SHs are used as direct headings as well
as subdivisions to other headings.
For example, Directories is a heading
and also used as a subdivision, e.g.
·
Directories _ History
·
Mumbai – Directories
·
Colleges and
universities – Directories
·
Physicians – Directories
Key headings:
In the List all subjects are not
listed. For some subjects models are given to coin SHs on that pattern. On the
basis of these models analogous headings can be coined. It means, if we have a
subject pertaining to any country we will look under the United States
·
If our subject
is
·
Geography of India
·
We will look
under the United States
·
Unites States –
Geography
·
So our SH will
be
·
India
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